Effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on young vines in copper-contaminated soil.

High copper (Cu) levels in uprooted old vineyard soils may cause toxicity in transplanted young vines, although such toxicity may be reduced by inoculating plants with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of AMF on the plant growth, chlorophyll contents, mycorrhizal colonization, and Cu and phosphorus (P) absorption in young vines cultivated in a vineyard soil contaminated by Cu. Commercial vineyard soil with high Cu levels was placed in plastic tubes and transplanted with young vines, which were inoculated with six AMF species (Dentiscutata heterogama, Gigaspora gigantea, Acaulospora morrowiae, A. colombiana, Rhizophagus clarus, R. irregularis) and a control treatment on randomized blocks with 12 replicates. After 130 days, the mycorrhizal colonization, root and shoot dry matter (DM), height increment, P and Cu absorption, and chlorophyll contents were evaluated. The height increment, shoot DM and chlorophyll contents were not promoted by AMF, although the root DM was increased by R. clarus and R. irregularis, which had the greatest mycorrhizal colonization and P uptake. AMF increased Cu absorption but decreased its transport to shoots. Thus, AMF species, particularly R. clarus and R. irregularis, contribute to the establishment of young vines exposed to high Cu levels.

Effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on young vines in copper-contaminated soil

Abstract High copper (Cu) levels in uprooted old vineyard soils may cause toxicity in transplanted young vines, although such toxicity may be reduced by inoculating plants with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of AMF on the plant growth, chlorophyll contents, mycorrhizal colonization, and Cu and phosphorus (P) absorption in young vines cultivated in a vineyard soil contaminated by Cu. Commercial vineyard soil with high Cu levels was placed in plastic tubes and transplanted with young vines, which were inoculated with six AMF species (Dentiscutata heterogama, Gigaspora gigantea, Acaulospora morrowiae, A. colombiana, Rhizophagus clarus, R. irregularis) and a control treatment on randomized blocks with 12 replicates. After 130 days, the mycorrhizal colonization, root and shoot dry matter (DM), height increment, P and Cu absorption, and chlorophyll contents were evaluated. The height increment, shoot DM and chlorophyll contents were not promoted by AMF, although the root DM was increased by R. clarus and R. irregularis, which had the greatest mycorrhizal colonization and P uptake. AMF increased Cu absorption but decreased its transport to shoots. Thus, AMF species, particularly R. clarus and R. irregularis, contribute to the establishment of young vines exposed to high Cu levels.

Qualidade do leite e a sua relação com o sistema de produção e a estrutura para ordenha / Milk quality and its relation with the production system and the structure for milking

O trabalho objetivou relacionar aspectos da produção leiteira e estrutura para ordenha com a qualidade do leite da região do Vale do Braço do Norte ­ SC, utilizando técnicas de análise multivariada. O estudo foi realizado em 20 propriedades leiteiras, fornecedoras de uma indústria de laticínios, selecionadas aleatoriamente nos municípios da região. As informações sobre o sistema de produção foram obtidas através do preenchimento de uma lista de verificação durante a ordenha. Os dados de produção, composição, Contagem de Células Somáticas (CCS) e Contagem Bacteriana Total (CBT) foram disponibilizados pela indústria, sendo utilizada a média dos valores dos últimos três meses. Os dados foram avaliados através de análise multivariada (análise fatorial e análise de correspondência múltipla), utilizando-se o pacote estatístico SAS®. Observou-se relação positiva entre a CCS e a CBT, e entre os teores de gordura e proteína do leite, sendo que as contagens são antagônicas aos teores. A produção de leite por propriedade e a produtividade das vacas também se relacionaram positivamente. As propriedades com maiores valores destas variáveis possuíam ordenha canalizada, sala de ordenha com bom arejamento, fosso azulejado, contenções de metal e alimentavam os animais após a ordenha. As propriedades com menores valores possuíam ordenha balde ao pé, sala de ordenha mal arejada, com fosso concretado, contenções de madeira e faziam a alimentação durante a ordenha. No entanto, a CCS e a CBT não se relacionaram com nenhum destes componentes, constatando que tecnologias e estrutura física não são garantia de uma melhor qualidade do leite.

This study aimed to relate aspects of milk production and structure for milking with the milk quality in the region of Vale do Braço do Norte in Santa Catarina, using multivariate analysis techniques. The study was conducted on 20 dairy farms that sell milk to a dairy industry, randomly selected in the region. Information about the production system were obtained from completion of a checklist during milking. Production data, composition, somatic cell count (SCC) and Total Bacterial Count (TBC) were provided by the industry, using mean values from the last three months. Data were analyzed by multivariate analysis (factorial analysis and multiple correspondence analysis), using the SAS ® statistical package. There was a positive relation between SCC and TBC, and between fat and protein contents, and that counts are antagonistic to contents. Milk production per farm and cow productivity also correlated positively. Farms with higher values of these variables had channeled milking, milking room with good airing, tiled moat, contention made metal and they fed the animals after milking. Farms with lower values had to bucket-type milker, milking room badly aired, concreted moat, contention made wood and they fed the animals during milking. However, SCC and TBC were not related to neither of these components, stating that technology and physical structure are not a guarantee of a better milk quality.

Protocorm development of Epidendrum fulgens (Orchidaceae) in response to different saline formulations and culture conditions / Desenvolvimento de protocormos de Epidendrum fulgens (Orchidaceae) em reposta a diferentes formulações salinas e condições de cultivo

The asymbiotic technique of orchid seeds germination is an important method of mass production of seedlings. Studies on the best culture conditions for each species are important to obtain seedlings in less time and at lower costs. Current analysis evaluates different consistencies of culture medium, saline formulations and culture conditions on the germination rate and further development of protocorms of Epidendrum fulgens. After 45 days in culture the protocorms were classified into three categories of development. The liquid saline formulation of Murashige and Skoog (1962) (MS) provided the highest germination rate (83.5%), and the Knudson formulation (1946) the lowest (10.9%). The different consistencies or conditions or culture conditions did not affect the germination rate percentage, except the Knudson medium, which resulted in the highest rate in response to the gelled consistency. Protocorms cultured in liquid MS medium with or without agitation showed the fastest development.

A técnica da germinação assimbiótica de sementes de orquídeas é um importante método de produção massal de mudas. Estudos que buscam condições de cultivo ideais para cada espécie são altamente desejados para obterem-se mudas em menor tempo e com menor custo. Este estudo objetivou testar diferentes consistências de meio de cultura, formulações salinas e condições de cultivo na porcentagem de germinação e velocidade de desenvolvimento de protocormos de Epidendrum fulgens. Após 45 dias de cultivo, os protocormos foram classificados em três categorias de desenvolvimento. A formulação salina de Murashige e Skoog (1962) (MS) líquida, sem agitação orbital, proporcionou maior taxa de germinação (83,5%), e a formulação de Knudson (1946) o menor percentual (10,9%). As diferentes consistências ou condições de cultivo não influenciaram na porcentagem de germinação, exceto para o meio Knudson, onde na consistência geleificada o percentual foi maior. Os protocormos cultivados em meio MS líquido, com ou sem agitação, apresentaram maior velocidade de desenvolvimento.